Just another electronics blog

I like perfboard, especially the ones with plated trough holes. But I also like SMD components, and more and more fun IC’s are not available in DIP.  So a while ago I designed some perfboard with 1.27mm pitch, making some SMD parts like SOIC stuff easy to prototype on it, and also mix THT and SMD stuff.

Looking for a nice little project to build on it, I came across a frequency counter made with 7400 logic, perhaps not the most efficient approach, but a fun one at that. I made a few changed to the design, partly because of some components I already had like the 74HC160 and 4543 (yes, not 7400 but still logic :P) and partly to improve on the design, for example by adding a 10Mhz oscillator instead of a NE555 as the clock source. The current end result looks like this, a case is ordered and a follow up post will be made when the project is nicely tucked away in a case.

Continue Reading

A lot of nixie tubes have been made in Russia, or more accurate, the USSR. These are still fairly easy to find and in some cases, quite affordable and just a few euro’s per nixie. Sadly I couldn’t find a nice overview of all the nixies made by the USSR. Some other popular displays are the VFD and numitron displays, both are also vacuum glass tubes and also used for DIY clock projects. This page will try to be a complete overview of all the nixie, VFD and numitron tubes in the popular IN and IV series.

Continue Reading

For a few projects I like to use 7 segment displays to indicate a value like voltage, current or temperature. 7 segment displays are cheap, easy to read and easy to control. The biggest downside is that it can cost a lot of IO pins on a microcontroller to control a handful of 7 segment displays. One option is to buy finished 7 segment displays on Ebay that can read in a voltage. The downside of these is that the accuracy is not great and they can only be used if a certain range in voltage is what you want to display.

So time to design my own, yet another seven segment display, or YASSD for short. They have a 4 digit 7 segment display on one side and a STM32F031 and a 74HC595 on the other. Other features are:

• UART controlled
• Maximum of 8 on one UART bus, 3 solder bridges determine the ID of the display
• Software updatable via UART
• Easy to mount on a frontpanel

They look like this:

The hardware is simple, an ARM M0 microcontroller translates the UART messages to data for the 74HC595, some NPN transistors are used to select the digit. The reason for the, somewhat overkill, STM32F031 ARM M0 microcontroller is that it’s cheap, with a bit more then 1 euro per IC, it contains a UART bootloader, so other people that want to build this display only need a PC with a USB to UART converter and that it’s a microcontroller I’ve used often before. There is one bodge wire, I forgot to connect the GND from the 3.3V regulator to the rest of the PCB. In the files uploaded on my github this is fixed.

The 8 resistors of 100 Ohm close to the 74HC595 limit the current for the display. With the red 7 segment display used the current is a bit less then 10mA per segment, but these need to be recalculated for a different color display and on how bright the display has to be.

Controlling them is easy, connect them to a PC or microcontoller, setup UART to use a 19200 baudrate and send a string formatted like this: “ID,VALUE\n”. For example: “07,1234\n” would make it display 1234 if the YASSD has 7 as it’s ID. Adding a dot is no problem: “07,20.01” will display 20.01.

The ID is determined via the 3 solder bridges using the following formula: ID = (SB1 * 1) + (SB2 * 2) + (SB3 * 4). If a solder bridge is not present, SB is 1, if the bridge is present, SB is 0. This means that if there are no solder bridges present, the ID of the board is 7. By having YASSD’s with a different ID it is possible to connect a maximum of 8 on one UART bus.

The hardware and software are both open source and can be found on my github.

This blog post assumes you know the basics of multiplexing and how an LED matrix works. The end result looks like this:

Let’s say you want to control an LED matrix. A plain boring 8*8 LED matrix you bought on Ebay a long time ago and is still somewhere in your desk. It’s pretty simple, after figuring out how multiplexing works you’ll have a smiley drawn on the LED matrix in no time at all. But it’s much prettier if the brightness of an LED matrix can be controlled via PWM, maybe make some nice animations as well. For an 8*8 LED matrix, 8 PWM outputs would be needed and you are good to go, something a bigger microcontroller generally has available. But what if you want a bigger LED matrix, 16*16 perhaps. And animations running smoothly at a high frame rate.

For an 8*8 LED matrix, to make it look smoothly, you need to multiplex the screen at about 100 Hertz minimum. So set a column, wait a short time, switch to the next column and set the value for this column, wait a short time etc etc. With 100Hz there is 10ms of time per screen, so about 1.2ms (10ms / 8 columns) per column. More then plenty to set some IO pins to show an image. For a 16*16 LED matrix this time halves to 0.6ms. PWM makes this a bit harder, as a whole PWM cycle must fit in this 1.2 or 0.6ms, meaning the PWM peripheral must run at 833 or 1666Hz minimum. This is all no problem for a PWM peripheral in a modern microcontroller.

But what if you don’t have 8 or 16 PWM pins? For example, an Arduino Mega has 12 PWM pins. ARM M microcontrollers like the STM32F103 have more PWM pins, but those are shared with other peripherals as well, so they might not all be available to use in a project.

An option is to bitbang PWM, toggle an IO pin quick enough to act as an PWM pin. This has the major downside of costing a massive number of CPU cycles. To get just 6 bit PWM, so 64 different levels of brightness, in the 0.6ms for an 16*16 LED matrix, the CPU must check 64 times if that IO has to be set high or not. This means that every ~10us the CPU has to handle IO. If you also want to calculate some animation to display, the CPU will be very busy.

This is where the DMA comes in. The DMA, or Direct Memory Access, is a peripheral available in many modern microcontrollers. Simply said, it’s a co-processor that can copy data from one place in the microcontroller to a different place without the CPU having to do a thing. It can be used to transfer an ADC value to a buffer in RAM and give a sign to the CPU when the buffer is full. The microcontroller I’ve used for this blog, the STM32F103, can transfer memory to memory, peripheral to memory and memory to a peripheral without the CPU doing a thing apart from setting up the DMA. Transferring data to a peripheral without costing CPU cycles. That sounds like a nice way of driving an LED matrix.

Continue Reading

I wanted a numitron clock on my desk. As, in my opinion, a decent looking enclosure is one of the hardest things to make I made the clock in the size of an altoids can so just a few holes should be made for an enclosure that looks not too ugly. It’s almost fully in SMD and can be powered using a USB port, making it a lovely clock for almost every desk.

In the end I ordered a custom enclosure from Schaeffer in Germany for a nicer looking clock.

The build process, design files and such can be found on hackaday.io as I used the project to try out hackaday io and see if it worked for me.The link is: https://hackaday.io/project/18166-numican

The previous post I explained the code for the dear ImGui part of the GUI. In this part the code for the serial connection will be discussed.

This code is made up of 2 parts, the MBED code and the PC side code. The MBED code will be discussed first. The MBED code uses the excellent MODSERIAL library. The MBED code after stripping away the initialization and such looks like this:

Continue Reading